A crítica a Buchanan e Tullock e algumas premissas da Escolha Pública

Espero que o meu colega e amigo AAA me perdoe esta posta no dia da apresentação do "O que é a Escolha Pública? Para uma análise económica da política", mas uma das características e quase missão da Causa Liberal é precisamente provar que a Filosofia do Liberalismo é muito diversa, ao contrário do que muitos pensam, que a dão como tendo um qualquer pensamento único.

Numa entrevista a Hans-Hermann Hoppe recentemente publicada no Mises.org é abordada a Escolha Pública:

Akkurt: What are your views on the public choice school. If I am not wrong you criticize James Buchanan for defending the state. Would you briefly describe your view on this issue. Why is there a tension between your thinking and public choice?

Hoppe: The Public Choice school—most notably Buchanan and Tullock—is typically credited for the insight that people within government are just as much self-interested as people outside of government, i.e., in private business. People do not change their nature and become less self-interested upon becoming a government official.

Now this is of course a fundamentally correct insight. But this insight is not new. You can find it all over in the literature. Certainly 'realist' political sociologists such as Gaetano Mosca and Robert Michels knew this much, and 'Austrians' knew it too, of course.

What is new about the Buchanan-Tullock school is its theory of the State and political (as contrasted to economic) action. However, this innovation is patently false.

Buchanan and Tullock think the State is essentially a voluntary institution, on a par with private business firms. They claim that 'the market and the State are both devices through which cooperation is organized and made possible.' (Calculus of Consent, p. 19) And since the State is like a firm, Buchanan then concludes in his Limits of Liberty, whatever happens in politics, every status quo, 'must be evaluated as if it were legitimate contractually.'

Now, I regard all of this as dangerous nonsense. Until Buchanan & Tullock, there existed almost universal agreement, regardless of whether one was a State-apologist or an anarchist critic of the State, as to the nature of the State, i.e., what a State actually was. States were recognized as categorically different forms of organization than firms: unlike firms, every State fundamentally rested on coercion. Buchanan's claim to the contrary would have been regarded as a childish intellectual error.

The great Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter (himself a member of the Lausanne rather than the Vienna or Austrian School) once remarked on views such as Buchanan's: a "theory which construes taxes on the analogy of club dues or the purchase of the service of, say, a doctor only proves how far removed this part of the social sciences is from scientific habits of minds." I wholeheartedly agree with this verdict.